An Echocardiographic Evaluation of Patients With Idiopathic Heart Failure

¹ From the Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, the Division of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg (Sweden) University
² From the Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, the Division of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg (Sweden) University

The primary myocardial disease idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM) is not clearly defined in the literature. The description is both morphologic and etiologic. We examined consecutive patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) of unknown cause to identify possible cases of IDCM and to give a detailed description of echocardiographic data and possible diastolic dysfunction in this group. The hospital records of patients aged 16 to 65 years hospitalized due to CHF or IDCM during a 6-year period (N=2,711) were evaluated in a defined region of western Sweden. Twenty-two percent (584/2,711) of these records contained no plausible cause of CHF or IDCM, and among patients being alive, obvious cause was lacking in 411 of 1,516 (27%). These 411 patients were offered a diagnostic investigation, including echocardiography, and they were compared with a randomly selected control group (n=103) from the general population. Of 411 patients, 293 accepted investigation. From the control group, we defined the reference level for left ventricular (LV) dilatation to be >32 mm/m², and reduced ejection fraction according to Teichholz formula to be <50%. Applying these borderlines, we identified LV dilatation and systolic dysfunction to be present in 30%, either dilatation or systolic dysfunction in 36%, and neither in 34%. In patients without any signs of systolic dysfunction 44% (26/59) showed signs of diastolic dysfunction. In a multivariate analysis, LV dimension was not independently correlated to disease, although LV dimension was univariately correlated to ejection fraction (EF) (r=0.59; p<0.0001). However, EF (p<0.0001), left atrial dimension (p<0.0001), and the first third filling fraction (p<0.0001) were the constellation of parameters that most accurately separated patients from controls. By using these three parameters, a positive and negative predictive accuracy of 98% and 61%, respectively, was achieved. Thus, in a consecutive group of patients with idiopathic CHF recruited from a nonselected group of hospitalized patients with CHF, all grades of ventricular function were found. In this group, 30% were identified as having IDCM. We give reference values for the diagnosis of idiopathic IDCM and a simple tool to identify patients with systolic and diastolic dysfunction.

Key Words: congestive heart failure • dilated cardiomyopathy • diastolic function • echocardiography • epidemiology • ventricular function

Submitted on June 15, 1994
Accepted on August 29, 2007

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