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(Chest. 1996;110:916-920.)
© 1996 American College of Chest Physicians

Adaptation of Lung Antioxidants to Cigarette Smoking in Humans

Janet Hilbert MD, FCCP1 and Vahid Mohsenin MD1

1 From the John B. Pierce Laboratory and Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.

We investigated the effect of free radical scavengers, micronutrient antioxidants, on antioxidant enzyme activities in cigarette smokers. We measured the intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and vitamin E and β-carotene levels in the bronchoalveolar cells of 14 smokers before and after 6 weeks of supplementation with vitamins E and C and β-carotene. Eight nonsmokers served as control subjects. CAT and GPx activities were higher in BAL cells from smokers compared with nonsmokers (20.5±2.3 vs 9.6±1.3 U/106 cells; p=0.027; 0.90±0.10 vs 0.46±0.12 U/106 cells; p=0.049, respectively), while there was no difference in SOD activity between the two groups. Likewise, vitamin E and β-carotene concentrations were markedly higher in smokers' lung lavage cells (403.3±81.0 in smokers vs 16.6±5.3 ng/106 cells in nonsmokers, and 1.23±0.21 in smokers vs 0.15±0.04 ng/106 cells in nonsmokers, respectively). The serum levels of vitamin E and C and β-carotene increased by 2.0-, 1.6-, and 8.9-fold in smokers after supplementation, which were similar to nonsmokers. Similarly, BAL cell vitamin E increased from 403.3±81.0 to 477.4±97.7 ng/106 cells and β-carotene increased from 1.23±0.21 to 4.32±0.45 ng/106 cells (p<0.05). Despite increased concentrations of vitamins in serum as well as β-carotene levels in BAL cells, there was no significant down regulation in SOD, CAT, or GPx activities in the lung lavage cells. These data suggest that augmentation of micronutrient antioxidants in smokers and nonsmokers does not appear to have an effect on antioxidant enzyme activities, suggesting a differential regulation of these defenses.

Key Words: β-carotene • catalase • glutathione peroxidase • lung antioxidants • superoxide dismutase • vitamin C • vitamin E

Submitted on January 30, 1996
Accepted on May 1, 2007




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