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1 From the Department of Public Health, Denver Health and Hospitals; and the Department of Medicine, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver
2 From the Department of Public Health, Denver Health and Hospitals; and the Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver
3 From the Department of Public Health, Denver Health and Hospitals, and the Department of Medicine, Divisions of Infectious Diseases; and the Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver
4 From the Department of General Internal Medicine; and the Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver
Study objectives: To review the use of incarceration for noncompliance with tuberculosis treatment.
Design: Retrospective review.
Setting: An urban tuberculosis control program.
Patients: Patients treated for active tuberculosis.
Measurements and results: We reviewed the legal basis and practical application of quarantine for active tuberculosis, including the use of incarceration for noncompliance. The records of patients treated at the Denver Metro Tuberculosis Clinic during 1984 to 1994 were reviewed to identify patients who were incarcerated and to evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention. Of 424 cases of tuberculosis, 20 patients (4.7%) were incarcerated for noncompliance; an additional 21 patients (5.0%) were lost to follow-up prior to completing therapy. Incarcerated patients were predominantly men who were born in the United States and had a history of homelessness and alcohol abuse. The median duration of the initial incarceration was 20 days (range, 7 to 51 days). Of the 17 patients released prior to completing therapy, 13 (76%) were compliant with outpatient, directly observed therapy after one or two short-term incarcerations (<60 days); only three patients were incarcerated for the duration of treatment. Overall, 18 of 20 incarcerated patients (90%) were successfully treated.
Conclusions: Approximately 5% of the patients treated through our program were incarcerated for noncompliance; an additional 5% were unavailable for follow-up and would have been candidates for incarceration if found. Homelessness and alcoholism were closely associated with the use of incarceration. Short-term incarceration followed by outpatient, directly observed therapy was relatively successful in the management of this difficult patient population.
Key Words: alcoholism • directly observed therapy • homelessness • incarceration • noncompliance • tuberculosis
Submitted on December 27, 1996
Accepted on March 4, 1997
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