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The Relationship of Chronic Sputum Expectoration to Physiologic, Radiologic, and Health Status Characteristics in ₁-Antitrypsin Deficiency (PiZ)^*

^* From the Lung Investigation Unit, Nuffield House, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Birmingham, UK.

Correspondence to: Robert A. Stockley, DSc, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Birmingham, B15 2TH, United Kingdom; e-mail: r.a.stockley{at}bham.ac.uk

Study objectives: First, to determine the relationships among chronic sputum expectoration (CSE), exacerbations, airflow obstruction, and emphysema in patients with ₁-antitrypsin deficiency (₁-ATD) [PiZ]. Second, to use multivariate analysis to determine how these factors influence health status.

Design: Cross-sectional, single-center.

Setting: UK center for ₁-ATD, university teaching hospital.

Patients: One hundred seventeen nonsmoking patients underwent lung function testing, high-resolution CT (HRCT) scanning with density mask analysis, and health status assessment using the St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and short form 36 (SF-36) health survey questionnaire.

Results: Patients with CSE (n = 50) had worse postbronchodilator airflow obstruction than those who did not (p = 0.03), with a median FEV₁ of 1.15 L (interquartile range [IQR], 0.76 to 1.82) vs 1.44 L (IQR, 0.99 to 2.93), respectively, and higher HRCT scan voxel index (VI) values indicating more extensive emphysema (patients with CSE: median lower zone VI, 50; IQR, 28 to 61; patients without CSE: median lower zone VI, 41; IQR, 5 to 53; p = 0.04). Patients with CSE also had worse health status, as assessed by the SGRQ (p < 0.01 for all domains) and SF-36 questionnaire (p < 0.05 for seven of nine domains). Exacerbation frequency was greater in those patients with CSE (p < 0.001), with a median of two episodes per year (IQR, 1 to 3) vs 0.66 episodes per year (IQR, 0 to 2) for those without CSE. Stepwise linear regression analysis revealed FEV₁, exacerbation frequency, and lower zone VI to be the most important predictors of health status.

Conclusions: Among patients with ₁-ATD, those with CSE expectoration exhibit greater physiologic impairment and more extensive emphysema than those without. This is reflected in an inferior health status, which is also influenced independently by an increased exacerbation frequency in those with CSE.

Key Words: COPD • CT • obstructive lung diseases • quality of life

This article has been cited by other articles:

				J. Holme and R. A. Stockley Radiologic and Clinical Features of COPD Patients With Discordant Pulmonary Physiology: Lessons From {alpha}1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Chest, September 1, 2007; 132(3): 909 - 915. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Needham and R. A. Stockley Exacerbations in {alpha}1-antitrypsin deficiency Eur. Respir. J., June 1, 2005; 25(6): 992 - 1000. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M Needham and R A Stockley {alpha}1-Antitrypsin deficiency * 3: Clinical manifestations and natural history Thorax, May 1, 2004; 59(5): 441 - 445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]