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* From the Department of Pediatrics (Dr. Moss), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Medicine (Dr. Rodman), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Department of Pediatrics (Dr. Spencer), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Medicine (Dr. Aitken), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Pediatrics (Dr. Zeitlin), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Pulmonary Division (Dr. Waltz), Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics (Dr. Milla), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Radiology (Dr. Brody), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatrics (Dr. Clancy), University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Cystic Fibrosis Therapeutics Development Network Coordinating Center (Drs. Ramsey and Hamblett), Seattle, WA; and Targeted Genetics Corporation (Dr. Heald), Seattle, WA.
Correspondence to: Richard B. Moss, MD, FCCP, 701 Welch Rd #3328, Palo Alto, CA 94304-5786; e-mail: rmoss{at}stanford.edu
Study objectives: The primary objective was to determine the safety and tolerability of repeated doses of aerosolized adeno-associated serotype 2 vector containing cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) complementary DNA (cDNA) [tgAAVCF], an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector encoding the complete human CFTR cDNA. Secondary objectives included evaluation of pulmonary function assessed by spirometry, lung abnormalities by high-resolution CT (HRCT), airway cytokines, vector shedding, serum neutralizing antibody to AAV serotype 2 (AAV2), and gene transfer and expression in a subset of subjects undergoing bronchoscopy with bronchial brushings.
Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II trial.
Setting: Eight cystic fibrosis (CF) centers in the United States.
Subjects: CF patients with mild lung disease, defined as FEV1 
60% predicted.
Interventions: Subjects were randomized to inhale three aerosolized doses of 1 x 1013 deoxyribonuclease-resistant particles of tgAAVCF or matching placebo at 30-day intervals using the Pari LC Plus nebulizer (PARI; Richmond, VA).
Measurements and results: Of 42 subjects randomized, 20 subjects received at least one dose of tgAAVCF and 17 subjects received placebo. No difference in the pattern of adverse events or laboratory abnormalities was noted between the two treatment groups. Improvements in induced-sputum interleukin-8 (p = 0.03) and FEV1 (p = 0.04) were observed at day 14 and day 30, respectively, in the group receiving tgAAVCF when compared to those receiving placebo. No significant differences in HRCT scans were noted. Vector shedding in sputum was observed at low levels up to 90 days after the third dose of vector. All subjects receiving tgAAVCF exhibited an increase (by at least fourfold) in serum AAV2-neutralizing antibodies and detectable levels in BAL fluid from five of six treated subjects undergoing BAL. Gene transfer but not gene expression was detected in a subset of six tgAAVCF subjects who underwent bronchoscopy.
Conclusions: Repeat doses of aerosolized tgAAVCF were safe and well tolerated, and resulted in encouraging trends in improvement in pulmonary function in patients with CF and mild lung disease.
Key Words: adeno-associated virus • aerosol • cystic fibrosis • cytokine • gene therapy • gene transfer • high-resolution CT • inflammation • pulmonary function • vector
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