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Table 2.. Administration of Narcotic and Benzodiazepine Medications^*

Variables Cumulative Amount Hourly Amount

Average medication usage 24 h before death

Morphine, mg 81.4 (2–1,052) 3.4 (0.1–44)

Fentanyl, µg 2267.0 (50–14,400) 94.5 (2–600)

Total narcotic in morphine equivalents, mg 97.0 (2–1,052) 4.0 (0.1–44)

Lorazepam, mg 39.3 (1–379) 1.6 (0.04–16)

Midazolam, mg 34.3 (3–214) 1.4 (0.1–9)

Total benzodiazepine in lorazepam equivalents, mg 37.3 (1–379) 1.6 (0.04–16)

Average medication usage 1 h before ventilator withdrawal to death

Morphine, mg 52.9 (2–399) 15.6 (1–106)

Fentanyl, µg 628.3 (25–3,054) 322.3 (25–1222)

Total narcotic in morphine equivalents, mg 51.7 (2–399) 16.2 (1–106)

Lorazepam, mg 37.3 (0.5–261) 8.6 (0.1–35)

Midazolam, mg 12.8 (2–28) 8.2 (1.6–18.6)

Total benzodiazepine in lorazepam equivalents,^|| mg 30.9 (0.5–261) 7.5 (0.1–35)

Average medication usage 2 h before death

Morphine, mg 35.1 (2–286) 17.6 (1–143)

Fentanyl, µg 606.0 (25–2,554) 303.0 (13–1,277)

Total narcotic in morphine equivalents, mg 36.2 (2–286) 18.1 (1–143)

Lorazepam, mg 20.7 (1–72) 10.3 (0.5–36)

Midazolam, mg 14.8 (2–30) 7.4 (1–15)

Total benzodiazepine in lorazepam equivalents,^|| mg 18.5 (1–72) 9.2 (0.4–36)

^* Values in parentheses are ranges. Narcotic use is calculated based on the combined amount of morphine and fentanyl (fentanyl, 15 µg; morphine, 1 mg). Benzodiazepine use is calculated based on the combined amount of lorazepam and midazolam (midazolam, 2.5 mg; lorazepam, 1 mg).

Calculation based on 70 patients.

Calculation based on 42 patients.

Calculation based on 63 patients.

^|| Calculation based on 30 patients.

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