Chest Email Content Delivery
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

Guest Access | Sign In via User Name/Password
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF) Free
Right arrow Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Article Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (6)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Martínez-Sellés, M.
Right arrow Articles by Bueno, H.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Martínez-Sellés, M.
Right arrow Articles by Bueno, H.
(Chest. 2005;128:792-797.)
© 2005 American College of Chest Physicians

Influence of Age on Gender Differences in the Management of Acute Inferior or Posterior Myocardial Infarction*

Manuel Martínez-Sellés, MD, PhD; Ramón López-Palop, MD, PhD; Esther Pérez-David, MD, PhD and Héctor Bueno, MD, PhD

* From the Department of Cardiology (Drs. Martínez-Sellés, Pérez-David, and Bueno), Hospital General Universitario "Gregorio Marañón," Madrid; and Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (Dr. López-Palop), Murcia, Spain.

Correspondence to: Héctor Bueno, MD, PhD, Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario "Gregorio Marañón," Dr. Esquerdo, 46. 28007, Madrid, Spain; e-mail: hecbueno{at}jet.es


   Abstract
TOP
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Study objectives: To assess the effect of gender on the in-hospital management of patients with acute inferior or posterior myocardial infarction (MI).

Design: Retrospective analysis of clinical records. Gender differences in management and prognosis were assessed by stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis.

Setting: University, large-volume, tertiary hospital.

Patients: We studied 1,178 consecutive patients admitted to our coronary care unit with an acute inferior or posterior MI, and evaluated the influence of gender on clinical management and outcome.

Interventions: None.

Measurements and results: Women were older (73 years vs 66 years), had a higher prevalence of diabetes and hypertension, presented later (8 h vs 6 h after symptom onset), and had a higher in-hospital mortality rate (26% vs 9%) [all p values < 0.01]. Women underwent reperfusion therapy (45% vs 61%, p < 0.01), noninvasive studies (30% vs 62%, p < 0.001), and coronary angiography (34% vs 48%, p < 0.01) less often than men. Multivariable analysis revealed that female gender was an independent predictor of a lower use of noninvasive studies (odds ratio [OR], 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24 to 0.63; p < 0.005) and coronary angiography (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.93; p = 0.02). A significant interaction between age and gender was found (p = 0.002); therefore, women ≥ 75 years old had a much lower probability of undergoing noninvasive tests and coronary angiography than men of the same age.

Conclusion: Despite their worse prognosis, women undergo noninvasive studies and coronary angiography less frequently than men after an acute inferior or posterior MI. The gender gap increases in patients ≥ 75 years old.

Key Words: age • angiography • gender • myocardial infarction • noninvasive studies


   Introduction
TOP
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Previous studies1234 have reported that the beneficial effects of fibrinolytic therapy and invasive cardiac procedures on morbidity and mortality of acute myocardial infarction (MI) are similar in women and in men. However, women with acute MI receive less aggressive treatment than men, and differences related to gender in the use of fibrinolytic therapy, coronary angiography, and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) have been reported.567 Despite the lower rates of use of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions reported in women, there is disagreement as to whether this difference is due to an independent effect of gender on health-care delivery or results from the association of female gender with other variables such as a more advanced age.45678

Inferior/posterior-wall infarcts represent nearly half of all ST-segment elevation MIs. Although the prognosis of inferior/posterior MI is believed to be more benign than that of anterior MI, it is more heterogeneous as there are patients with a very good prognosis—such as those with isolated posterior infarcts—and high-risk subgroups, such as patients showing right ventricular involvement,9 particularly if they are older,10 have ST-segment depression in anterolateral leads,11 or have high-degree atrioventricular (AV) block.12 Therefore, the absolute benefit of reperfusion therapy differs to a larger extent among the subgroups of inferior/posterior MI than among patients with infarcts of anterior location.1314 This heterogeneous prognosis could lead to an increased variability in the clinical management of patients with inferior/posterior MI. It has been described that women with acute MI are, as a group, subjected to greater variations in the use of diagnostic and therapeutic resources than men.5 This gender-related variability may be increased in a group of patients with a heterogeneous prognosis and response to treatment such as those with inferior or posterior MI. Thus, the present study was designed to assess the influence of gender on the clinical management of patients with acute inferior or posterior MI and their hospital outcome.


   Materials and Methods
TOP
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
A detailed description of the population and methods has been published elsewhere.15 Briefly, all consecutive patients with an acute inferior or posterior MI admitted to our coronary care unit within 48 h from symptom onset during the years 1990 to 1995 were studied. To the original data set, 376 patients admitted during the years 1996 and 1997 were added. The final population consisted of 1,178 consecutive patients with a definite diagnosis of acute inferior or posterior MI. A definite diagnosis was established when the following criteria were met: ST-segment elevation ≥ 0.1 mV or Q-waves in two or more inferior leads in the admission ECG and/or development of an R wave in V1 or V2 > 0.04 s with an R/S voltage ratio > 1; and at least one of the following: (1) chest discomfort ≥ 30 min compatible with myocardial ischemia, or (2) elevation of serum creatine kinase (CK) level to at least twice the upper normal limit (195 U/L in our institution), with an MB fraction > 10% of the total CK level. The study was approved by the hospital ethics committee.

Statistical Analysis
Means (± SD) are reported for continuous variables. The {chi}2 test was used to assess the significance of the differences between proportions, and Student t test was used for comparisons between means. Gender differences in the use of reperfusion therapy (fibrinolytic therapy and primary PCI) were assessed in a stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis that included all prognostic factors available at the time of hospital admission: age, risk factors, shock at hospital admission, previous MI, and delay to hospital admission. The independent association of gender with the use of noninvasive tests and coronary angiography was evaluated in patients not treated with primary PCI who survived hospitalization, also considering other variables obtained during admission (left ventricular ejection fraction, complete AV block). The influence of gender on in-hospital outcome was adjusted for all the variables previously mentioned. The presence of increasing gender differences with age was tested by including a sex-age interaction in all models. All probability values are two tailed.

As patients admitted during years 1996 and 1997 were added to the original data set, a subanalysis was performed with these patients, showing a slight increase in the use of reperfusion therapy in both genders, compared with patients included during the years 1990 to 1995. However, as gender-related differences and in-hospital mortality remained similar in both populations, the analyses were performed with the whole group. All analyses were performed using statistical software (Version 11.0; SPSS; Chicago, IL).


   Results
TOP
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Characteristics of the Patients
Female patients (n = 257) were significantly older and had a higher prevalence of diabetes and hypertension (Table 1 ). A longer delay from onset of symptoms to hospital admission was found in women (8 h vs 6 h). Women also presented with cardiogenic shock on hospital admission more frequently than men.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients Admitted With Acute Inferior MI, According to Sex*

 
Reperfusion Therapy
Women were significantly less likely to receive fibrinolytic therapy than men (Table 2 ). This difference was explained, at least in part, by their older age and a longer time delay (adjusted odds ratio [OR] for reperfusion therapy, 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 1.24) [Table 3 ].


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 2. In-Hospital Stay, Adverse Events, and Interventions in Patients With Acute Inferior MI, According to Gender*

 

View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 3. Influence of Female Gender on the Use of Reperfusion Therapy, Coronary Angiography, Noninvasive Studies, and In-Hospital Mortality*

 
Medication During Hospitalization
Medications used to prevent or treat heart failure (diuretics, inotropic agents, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) were more frequently used in women (Table 4 ), whereas statins were prescribed less often. Aspirin, ß-blockers, and heparin were used similarly in both genders.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 4. Use of Pharmacologic Therapies During Hospitalization According to Sex*

 
Noninvasive Studies
Noninvasive studies (97.6% exercise stress tests) were performed less frequently in women than in men, regardless of age (Table 2). This difference was particularly pronounced in patients ≥ 75 years old (p value for sex-age interaction, 0.002). Among hospital survivors who were not treated by primary PCI, noninvasive tests were performed in 8% of women ≥ 75 years old and in 33% of men ≥ 75 years old (adjusted OR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.36; p ≤ 0.0005).

Coronary Angiography
Women had a lower chance than men to undergo coronary angiography during hospitalization. The gender difference persisted after adjustment for confounding variables (adjusted OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.93; p = 0.02) [Table 3]. Age had an important effect on the relation between gender and the use of coronary angiography (p value for sex/age interaction, 0.002). While women < 75 years old were referred for coronary angiography as frequently as men (adjusted OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.62 to 1.31; p = 0.7), it was performed less frequently in older women (adjusted OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.72, p = 0.002).

In-hospital Mortality
The crude in-hospital mortality rate was 26% for women and 9% for men (p < 0.0005) [Table 2]. The higher mortality of women was observed in younger and older patients. However, after adjustment for clinical dissimilarities, we only found a nonsignificant trend toward a higher in-hospital death rate in women (Table 3).


   Discussion
TOP
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
Women with acute inferior or posterior MI show higher in-hospital mortality and cardiac complications rates than men, but these differences are mostly explained by their older age and a worse clinical risk profile. When confounding factors were taken into account, women had a 80% lower probability of being studied by noninvasive tests, and a 40% lower chance of undergoing coronary angiography. This sex difference in the performance of noninvasive studies was small in patients < 75 years old (65% in women vs 78% in men) and large in the elderly (13% vs 44%). The rate of use of coronary angiography was similar in younger men and women but much lower in women ≥ 75 years old compared with older men (7% vs 27%).

Although in-hospital mortality rates were 26% in women and 9% in men, we found a nonsignificant trend toward a higher death rate in women after adjustment for confounding factors. However, we did not find a significant interaction between age and gender in mortality because there was a consistent increase in mortality across all age subgroups. These findings are in contrast to previous studies16 that reported a higher hospital mortality in younger women but not in older women compared with men of the same age, but are concordant with others1718 that found a higher mortality in older women. The reasons for this discrepancy are unknown, but the type of MIs analyzed may play a role. In the present study, only patients with confirmed inferior or posterior infarcts were included. Our results are similar to those found by the studies1718 that only recruited patients with ST-segment elevation or Q-wave MIs, and differ from the study by Vaccarino et al,16 in which roughly half of the patients presented with ST-segment elevation MIs.

Inability to perform a stress test after an acute MI is a powerful predictor of long-term mortality, particularly in older patients.19 In our study, noninvasive studies were performed in women less often. As women were on average 12 years older, it is likely that factors such as a poorer functional capacity and a lower degree of mobility influenced the rate of use of treadmill tests. Although the lower specificity of noninvasive tests in women reported previously202122 may have also played a role, this would not explain the lower utilization of noninvasive tests in younger women or the lack of use of alternative studies such as pharmacologic stress tests, which are helpful in postinfarction risk stratification in older patients.23 Moreover, if inability to perform were the cause of the lower rate of use of stress tests in women, a higher rate of coronary angiography would be expected among them.

Previous studies4567 have shown that women are less likely than men to undergo coronary angiography after MI, and that failure to perform coronary angiography after MI is associated with an increased short-term mortality risk, particularly in the elderly.72425 Our study shows that older women with inferior or posterior MI are at the highest mortality risk but undergo coronary angiography less often than men. Gan et al4 found that women ≥ 65 years old were significantly less likely than men to undergo catheterization. However, even in this elderly population, this difference was more pronounced at older ages. Alter et al6 also found a lower rate of coronary angiography within the first 6 months after MI in women, particularly in the oldest patients. The reasons why older women are less frequently scheduled for invasive studies are unknown. Rathore et al26 showed that the lower rates of cardiac catheterization in older women occur primarily in patients with equivocal diagnosis of ischemic heart disease, but that is not the case in our cohort, in which all patients had confirmed MI.

Our study shows an age-related increase in the gender difference in the of noninvasive studies and coronary angiography, which is not explained by clinical characteristics. Although other reasons such as nonregistered comorbidities,27 differences in quality of life, functional status, mental disorders,28 and patient refusal to undergo invasive or noninvasive studies could have contributed to the disparity, it is unlikely that they explain the large gender gap in the use of these resources, particularly in the oldest. Therefore, we cannot formally exclude that a gender bias may be partially behind this gap, particularly among the oldest patients.

Limitations
This observational study shows the routine management of patients with acute inferior or posterior MI, so the ultimate causes for the use or nonuse of specific interventions are frequently unknown. Although we registered several clinical features, we could not account for factors such as quality of life, noncardiac comorbidity, functional status, and patient preferences, which may influence the process of decision making, particularly the use of coronary angiography, so the degree of appropriateness in the use of the diagnostic and therapeutic resources could not be calculated. Finally, although the research was conducted in a large-volume teaching hospital, it is a single center study where the vast majority of staff members are men in a country where coronary angiography after MI is not routine practice, and therefore our results may not be extrapolated.

In conclusion, women with acute inferior or posterior MI have a worse prognosis than men but undergo noninvasive tests and coronary angiography less frequently during hospitalization. This gap is not explained by the differences in clinical characteristics, and increases with age. Our results should be interpreted as an opportunity to improve the care of women with acute MI, particularly the elderly.


   Footnotes
 
Abbreviations: AV = atrioventricular; CI = confidence interaval; CK = creatine kinase; MI = myocardial infarction; OR = odds ratio; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention

Drs. Martínez-Sellés and López-Palop contributed equally to this article.

Presented in part at XXIII Congress of the European Society of Cardiology. Stockholm, Sweden, August 1–5, 2001.

Received for publication February 18, 2004. Accepted for publication March 2, 2005.


   References
TOP
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

  1. . Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists (FTT) Collaborative Group (1994) Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity results from all randomised trials of more than 1000 patients. [published erratum appears in Lancet 1994; 343:742]. Lancet 343,311-322[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  2. Woodfield, SL, Lundergan, CF, Reiner, JS, et al Gender and acute myocardial infarction: is there a different response to thrombolysis? J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29,35-42[Abstract]
  3. Krumholz, HM, Murillo, JE, Chen, J, et al Thrombolytic therapy for eligible elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 1997;277,1683-1688[Abstract]
  4. Gan, SC, Beaver, SK, Houck, PM, et al Treatment of acute myocardial infarction and 30-day mortality among women and men. N Engl J Med 2000;343,8-15[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Ayanian, JZ, Epstein, AM Differences in the use of procedures between women and men hospitalized for coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1991;325,221-225[Abstract]
  6. Alter, DA, Naylor, CD, Austin, PC, et al Biology or bias: practice patterns and long-term outcomes for men and women with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39,1909-1916[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  7. Yarzebski, J, Col, N, Pagley, P, et al Gender differences and factors associated with the receipt of thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a community-wide perspective. Am Heart J 1996;131,43-50[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  8. Maynard, C, Litwin, PE, Martin, JS, et al Gender differences in the treatment and outcome of acute myocardial infarction: Results from the Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention Registry. Arch Intern Med 1992;152,972-976[Abstract]
  9. Zehender, M, Kasper, W, Kauder, E, et al Right ventricular infarction as an independent predictor of prognosis after acute inferior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993;328,981-988[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Bueno, H, López-Palop, R, Bermejo, J, et al In-hospital outcome of elderly patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction and right ventricular involvement. Circulation 1997;96,436-441[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Berger, PB, Ryan, TJ Inferior myocardial infarction: high-risk subgroups. Circulation 1990;81,401-411[Free Full Text]
  12. Nicod, P, Gilpin, E, Dittrich, H, et al Long-term outcome in patients with inferior myocardial infarction and complete atrioventricular block. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;12,589-594[Abstract]
  13. Berger, PB, Ruocco, NAJ, Ryan, TJ, et al Incidence and prognostic implications of heart block complicating inferior myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy: results from TIMI II. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20,533-540[Abstract]
  14. Wellens, HJJ Right ventricular infarction. N Engl J Med 1993;328,1036-1038[Free Full Text]
  15. Bueno, H, López-Palop, R, Perez-David, E, et al Combined effect of age and right ventricular involvement on acute inferior myocardial infarction prognosis. Circulation 1998;98,1714-1720[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. Vaccarino, V, Parsons, L, Every, NR, et al Sex-based differences in early mortality after myocardial infarction. National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 Participants. N Engl J Med 1999;341,217-225[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  17. Bueno, H, Vidan, MT, Almazan, A, et al Influence of sex on the short-term outcome of elderly patients with a first acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1995;92,1133-1140[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  18. Malacrida, R, Genoni, M, Maggioni, AP, et al A comparison of the early outcome of acute myocardial infarction in women and men: the Third International Study of Infarct Survival Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 1998;338,8-14[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Deckers, JW, Fioretti, P, Brower, RW, et al Ineligibility for predischarge exercise testing after myocardial infarction in the elderly: implications for prognosis. Eur Heart J 1984;5(suppl),97-100
  20. Gibbons, RJ, Balady, GJ, Timothy, BJ, et al ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary article. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines). J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40,1531-1540[Free Full Text]
  21. Kwok, Y, Kim, C, Grady, D, et al Meta-analysis of exercise testing to detect coronary artery disease in women. Am J Cardiol 1999;83,660-666[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  22. Arruda-Olson, AM, Juracan, EM, Mahoney, DW, et al Prognostic value of exercise echocardiography in 5,798 patients: is there a gender difference? J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39,625-631[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  23. de la Torre, MM, San Roman, JA, Bermejo, J, et al Prognostic power of dobutamine echocardiography after uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction in the elderly. Chest 2001;120,1200-1205[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  24. Jenkins, JS, Flaker, GC, Nolte, B, et al Causes of higher in-hospital mortality in women than in men after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1994;73,319-322[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  25. Stenestrand, U, Wallentin, L Early revascularisation and 1-year survival in 14-day survivors of acute myocardial infarction: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2002;359,1805-1811[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  26. Rathore, SS, Wang, Y, Radford, MJ, et al Sex differences in cardiac catheterization after acute myocardial infarction: the role of procedure appropriateness. Ann Intern Med 2002;137,487-493[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  27. Ghali, WA, Faris, PD, Galbraith, PD, et al Sex differences in access to coronary revascularization after cardiac catheterization: importance of detailed clinical data. Ann Intern Med 2002;136,723-732[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  28. Druss, BG, Bradford, DW, Rosenheck, RA, et al Mental disorders and use of cardiovascular procedures after myocardial infarction. JAMA 2000;283,506-511[Abstract/Free Full Text]




This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF) Free
Right arrow Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Article Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (6)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Martínez-Sellés, M.
Right arrow Articles by Bueno, H.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Martínez-Sellés, M.
Right arrow Articles by Bueno, H.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS